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	<title>Dawn Paley</title>
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	<description>Journalist, Editor, Hell Raiser.</description>
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		<title>Dawn Paley</title>
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		<title>Toxic Mining in Baja California?</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2012/01/31/toxic-mining-in-baja-california/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2012/01/31/toxic-mining-in-baja-california/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Jan 2012 23:33:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[I recently had the chance to write a feature for Watershed Sentinel about a couple of Canadian mining companies and their plans to mine the incredibly beautiful lands of Baja California Sur. You can download the piece at this link!<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=467&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I recently had the chance to write a feature for <em>Watershed Sentinel </em>about a couple of Canadian mining companies <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/picture-9.png"><br />
</a>and their plans to mine the incredibly beautiful lands of Baja California Sur.</p>
<p>You can download the piece at this <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/wsjanfeb2012.pdf">link</a>!</p>
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		<title>Militarized Mining in Mexico</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/12/17/militarized-mining-in-mexico/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/12/17/militarized-mining-in-mexico/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Dec 2011 18:36:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://dawnpaley.ca/?p=458</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently for The Dominion. MADERA, MEXICO—On an August afternoon in 2008, Dante Valdez Jiminez was giving a teacher training class in an elementary school in Madera, a small town in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. But before he got through his lecture, he was interrupted by a group of [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=458&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently for <em><a href="http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/4301">The Dominion.</a></em></p>
<p>MADERA, MEXICO—On an August afternoon in 2008, Dante Valdez Jiminez was giving a teacher training <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/picture-5.png"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-460" title="illustration by NADINE WIEPENING" src="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/picture-5.png?w=300&#038;h=198" alt="" width="300" height="198" /></a>class in an elementary school in Madera, a small town in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. But before he got through his lecture, he was interrupted by a group of 30 men, some of them armed.</p>
<p>In the minutes that followed, Valdez was savagely beaten in front of his students. While they beat him, his attackers yelled that he should keep his nose out of other people&#8217;s business. Valdez was lucky to escape with his life.</p>
<p>Five days later, Amnesty International put out an alert expressing concern for the safety of Valdez, as well as members of a nearby community. The attack was political: Valdez is known for his work against Minefinders, a Vancouver-based company that operates an open-pit gold mine near Madera. Amnesty indicated that among the attackers were employees of the mining company.</p>
<p>“There isn’t a single authority in any of the three levels of government that is looking out for the people who are displaced, for people who have been mistreated or beaten,” said Valdez, his voice quiet and low. He pointed out that there was a classroom full of witnesses to the incident, but there was never an investigation.</p>
<p>The attack on Valdez wasn’t an isolated event, but a brazen reminder of the repression meted out to those who organized against Minefinders, which began operating in Mexico in 1994 on the heels of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The company started construction on a low-grade, cyanide-leaching gold and silver mine near Madera in 2007.<span id="more-458"></span> Madera, which means “wood” in Spanish, is situated high in the Sierra Madre mountain range and possesses the rugged air of a logging town. But the area is anything but tranquil: throughout the Sierra Madre, the Sinaloa Cartel, Mexico&#8217;s most powerful drug cartel, is said to be battling with La Linea, the armed wing of the Juarez Cartel.</p>
<p>According to the official story, at stake are trafficking routes, as well as vast fields where marijuana and opium poppies are cultivated by peasant and Indigenous farmers.</p>
<p>The war in Mexico, often called a “war on drugs,” launched in late 2006, resulting in increased violence and militarization that has spread to municipalities and rural areas all over the country. The northern state of Chihuahua has been particularly hard hit. Since 2008, more than 9,000 people have been murdered in the city of Juarez alone, and massacres against unarmed civilians have taken place across the state.</p>
<p>But in some areas, like Madera, it appears the militarization that’s taken place on the pretext of the drug war has worked in favour of the extractive industries.</p>
<p>Before construction of the Minefinders mine could begin, the historic town of Dolores was relocated to make way for the project, affecting more than 60 families. Locals were not ardently anti-mining, but many felt that Ejido Huizopa, the body which represents communal landholders in the area, was not getting a fair shake.</p>
<p>By 2008, as construction gave way to gold production, tensions between the company and members of Ejido reached a breaking point. That May, after coming to a majority decision in an assembly, members of the Ejido erected a blockade at the mine access route, demanding meaningful negotiations and a better agreement with the company. People working for the mining company were prevented from passing, but soldiers were allowed through the barricades.</p>
<p>Minefinders soon found a way around the protesters, one which didn’t involve sitting at a negotiating table.</p>
<p>“At the blockade, there was always, permanently, soldiers travelling in the company trucks, dressed like civilians, [and] as many as eight company trucks watching the demonstrations, the blockade,” said Valdez. Not only were blockaders intimidated by the presence of soldiers, but the company continued to access the mine, passing through the blockade because they had soldiers in their trucks.</p>
<p>During and immediately following an attack by armed commandos that year on civilians in Creel, a neighbouring village, soldiers and police maintained a continuous presence at the blockade.</p>
<p>“There was an attack on the community of Creel, and 14 people were killed,” explained David de la Rosa, an environmentalist and peasant organizer based in Madera. “The authorities took three days to get to Creel, and the army was here accompanying a peaceful blockade, backing up a company, just two hours away from where this took place.”</p>
<p>The blockade lasted one year and five months, during which time residents say Minefinders co-opted members of Ejido Huizopa through financial incentives and intimidation.</p>
<p>“When the mining company saw that we had a majority of [communal land owners] supporting us, they began to manipulate in a certain way, using the same people from the Ejido to manipulate other companeros, to ensure that we didn’t have a majority in decision-making,” said Luis Pena Amaya, a member of Ejido Huizopa who helped organize the blockade.</p>
<p>As on the blockades, the militarization of the region factored into Minefinders’ ability to win support for their open-pit mine.</p>
<p>“The Federal Police had a presence and intimidated people on many occasions. In the decisive assembly, they took control and surrounded the inside of the salon where we held our assembly,” said Pena Amaya. The intrusion of police into communal decision-making is unconstitutional in Mexico. “When things turned against the other group, which was the group preferred by the mining company, [Federal Police] intervened to ensure that we didn’t exercise our rights.”</p>
<p>Eventually, the Ejido signed an agreement with Minefinders, but problems remain. Last year, a tear in the liner of a heap leach pad, which has yet to be fully repaired, caused leakage of contaminants near the mine site. Environmentalists and human rights organizations in the area confirmed that they fear travelling to the mine site, because the road to the mine is under the control of organized crime groups.</p>
<p><cite>Dawn Paley is a journalist and co-founder of the Vancouver Media Co-op.</cite></p>
<p><cite>Questions? Comments? Drop us a line: info@mediacoop.ca.</cite></p>
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		<title>Legal Battles in Mexico</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/12/16/legal-battles-in-mexico/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/12/16/legal-battles-in-mexico/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Dec 2011 18:51:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://dawnpaley.ca/?p=455</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently looking at U.S. backed changes to the legal system in Mexico for Upside Down World. CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO&#8211;It’s not without reason that media coverage of the drug war is dominated by blood and horror: by some estimates, as many as 80,000 Mexicans have been killed since the war began in [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=455&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently looking at U.S. backed changes to the legal system in Mexico for <a href="http://upsidedownworld.org/main/mexico-archives-79/3353-legal-battles-in-mexico">Upside Down World</a>.</em></p>
<p>CHIHUAHUA, MEXICO&#8211;It’s not without reason that media coverage of the drug war is dominated by blood and horror: by some estimates, as many as 80,000 Mexicans have been killed since the war began in earnest five years ago. American critics of the atrocities taking place under the banner of the “war on drugs” often aim their sights at the Merida Initiative, a U.S.-Mexico plan which encouraged the militarization of the transportation and distribution of illicit drugs to, from, and within Mexico.</p>
<p>Originally conceived as a three year plan slated to end in 2010, the Merida Initiative has since expanded to mean much more than the deployment of U.S. helicopters, drug sniffing dogs and inspection equipment in Mexico.</p>
<p>In October, U.S. anti-drug czar and former ambassador to Colombia William Brownfield testified about what he called “Merida Part II,” before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere. Brownfield highlighted strengthening Mexican institutions and the “rule of law” as well as promoting civil society participation in anti-crime initiatives as key areas of U.S. Mexico cooperation. Together, these activities have also been denominated “democracy promotion,” though that exact language is not officially used to describe Merida II.</p>
<p>Legal reform is one of the focal points of the second phase of the Merida Initiative, which takes the form of “implementation of comprehensive justice sector reforms through the training of justice sector personnel including police, prosecutors, and defenders, correction systems development, judicial exchanges, and partnerships between Mexican and U.S. law schools,” according to the State Department.<span id="more-455"></span>A country-wide transition from written trials to U.S. style oral trials is one of the most significant elements of these reforms. Chihuahua was the first state in the republic to transition to the oral court system, providing a template for legal reforms under the Merida Initiative. Beginning in 2003 the U.S. started to provide funds for the transition to oral trials in Chihuahua. Oral trials officially began in Chihuahua City in 2007, and in Ciudad Juarez in 2008.</p>
<p>According to Oscar Castrejón Rivas, president of the College of Lawyers in Chihuahua City, the U.S. used the World Bank to leverage the transition to oral trials, on the pretext that U.S. citizens accused of crimes in Mexico were tortured or forced into making confessions. Castrejón admits that there’s truth to that accusation, but he says forced confessions continue up until today, even under the oral trials system. He thinks there’s another reason behind the U.S. backed transition to oral trials.</p>
<p>“Just as within globalized commerce [the U.S.] wants a world where everywhere there is a McDonalds, an Applebees, a Home Depot, a Walmart, a Sam’s [Club]; they also want a world where tribunals are the same everywhere as they are in the United States, so that whatever legal issues they have can be dealt with perfectly well by a legal firm from the United States, which can operate in the U.S., in Puerto Rico, in Argentina, in Chile, and so on,” said Castrejón’s.</p>
<p>Castrejón’s observations point to a theme that dates back to at least the 1960s in the context of U.S. legal assistance to Latin America.</p>
<p>“In the early years of the law and development movement, legal assistance was often perceived as an administrative mechanism for ‘nation building’ and as a forum for stable and predictable commercial transactions within an implicit liberal capitalist economy,” wrote James A. Gardener in his 1980 book<em>Legal Imperialism: American Lawyers and Foreign Aid in Latin America</em>. “In this sense, American legal assistance initially promised to reinforce prevalent ideas of national development that stressed industrialization and economic growth.”</p>
<p>“With nothing more than a lawyer who speaks English and Spanish, [the U.S.] can sit in the courtroom and argue their case,” said Castrejón, who has spent the last four years working in the oral trials system. The new system provides increased discretion to judges to rule one way or the other, says Castrejón, who also pointed out that sentencing under this system often has more to do with the ability and charisma of lawyers than with the facts of the case.</p>
<p>For other social activists, changes to the legal system represented a welcome shift away from a judiciary widely regarded as corrupt.</p>
<p>“The new criminal justice system is a total turn away from what was the criminal justice system, introducing a series of effective guarantees for the accused and even more importantly for the victims,” said Irma Villanueva, a lawyer who works with the Center for Women’s Human Rights (CDHM) in Chihuahua City. Villanueva traces reforms to the justice system in Chihuahua to of the hundreds of international rulings against the state’s legal system, particularly relating to the levels of impunity for femicides and disappearances.</p>
<p>But though today Chihuahua has extremely progressive laws on the books, Villanueva says access to justice remains a serious problem, especially for women.</p>
<p>“Just recently, in March-April, the first oral trial for the crime of domestic violence was heard,” said Villanueva. “Of the hundreds of cases and of investigations that have been presented since 2007, this was the very first,” she said. “This gives you an idea of how important this type of crime is for the administrators of justice, no?” she said, noting that sexism and discriminatory practices remain common among legal practitioners.</p>
<p>In 2008, President Felipe Calderón led a federal constitutional reform that means all states in the country will shift to oral trials by 2016, a move USAID calls “the most important reform in the field of justice and public safety adopted by Mexico since 1917.” USAID began participating in judicial reforms in Mexico in 2003, and remains an important player in Mexico through Merida II.</p>
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		<title>Occupy &#8220;Murder City&#8221;</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/11/28/occupy-murder-city/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/11/28/occupy-murder-city/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:51:02 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently for the wonderful Upside Down World. I changed the title here. I&#8217;m reading Bowden right now, what can I say. Mexico: Police Beatings, Jail Time and Threats Won’t Deter Indignadxs de Juarez Activists Published Friday, 18 November 2011 CIUDAD JUAREZ &#8211; On October 15th, people all over the world [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=451&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Here&#8217;s a piece I did recently for the wonderful <a href="http://upsidedownworld.org/main/mexico-archives-79/3311-mexico-police-beatings-jail-time-and-threats-wont-deter-juarez-activists">Upside Down World</a>. I changed the title here. I&#8217;m reading Bowden right now, what can I say.</em></p>
<p><strong>Mexico: Police Beatings, Jail Time and Threats Won’t Deter Indignadxs de Juarez Activists<br />
</strong></p>
<p>Published Friday, 18 November 2011</p>
<p>CIUDAD JUAREZ &#8211; On October 15th, people all over the world responded to a call from Occupy Wall Street to join and become part of the movement. Folks from all walks of life who identify as part of the now famous 99 per cent responded to the call, setting up tent villages and holding actions in public (and private) spaces around the globe.</p>
<p>In Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, a group of activists from various organizations, collectives and political persuasions got together and decided that they too would organize in response to the call, under the name <em>Indignadxs de Juarez</em>. They held two events to coincide with the call on October 15th, but were unable to set up a permanent, occupy-style camp.</p>
<p>“Here in Juarez, demonstrating is dangerous, the conditions don’t exist [to occupy],” said Gero Fong, a local activist and Indignado. “One of our intentions was to set up a permanent camp, but given our numbers it wasn’t possible.”</p>
<p>Instead of camping out, Juarez’s Indignadxs called for a series of actions. On November 1st, they gathered again for a demonstration that was to include street theater and the symbolic wheat pasting of 9,000 paper crosses around the city, in memory of the over 9,000 people murdered here since 2008.</p>
<p>The police response to the November 1st demonstration quickly transformed into a national scandal. Police beat and arrested 29 people, among them activists, their supporters, and journalists.</p>
<p>“They threw me on the ground and between 10 and 15 officers started to beat me,” said Gerardo Solís, a secondary school teacher who was arrested in front of the police station while demanding the names of the detained. He was jailed overnight with the others. “They jailed me with the rest of the compañeros, and inside [the police] told me they were going to disappear me, that they have assassins working for them, that they’re going to disappear me, that they already knew that I’m a teacher and where I work, and that they would go after me,” he said.<span id="more-451"></span><img title="More..." src="http://dawnpaley.wordpress.com/wp-includes/js/tinymce/plugins/wordpress/img/trans.gif" alt="" />The next evening, arrestees were released on bail amounting to approximately US$40. In the days following, there was increasing clarity on why the police repressed demonstrators so intensely.</p>
<p>“The population here feels helpless, and I think [the police] are exercising preventative repression,” said Fong. The collective, public attack on protestors must be understood in the context of the militarization of Juarez since early 2008, when 7,500 troops were deployed to the city, followed by thousands of federal police.</p>
<p>“I believe that Ciudad Juarez is being taken as an experimental city, this is the first place [in Mexico] that was militarized, this is where the assassinations began, where a series of bi-national policies have been experimented with, and now what they’re trying to do is apply repressive policies with the clear objective of introducing fear among those who protest and set the example that here there will be no protests,” said Fong, still sporting a black eye from the beating he received from police.</p>
<p>Long time Juarez activists say it is the first time in almost 20 years that so many comrades were beaten and jailed at once in a clear act of political policing.</p>
<p>“[The police] showed its force against people it shouldn’t have, against us, the people who want this city to be in peace,” said Elizabeth Flores, who has been active in movements in Juarez since the early 1990s. “They don’t do this against delinquents, against those who are committing crimes in these moments.” Flores pointed to the economic system, unemployment, militarization and impunity as the root causes of the violence that the Indignadxs de Juarez are standing against.</p>
<p>When asked why the Indignadxs de Juarez are in the streets, Doctor Arturo Vasquez Peralta responded without hesitation, his words sharp and his face tight. “Nine thousand dead in Ciudad Juarez. Lack of investigation of those 9,000 dead. Lack of will to clarify those 9,000 deaths,” he said. For Peralta, the repression of the November 1st action is the sum of policies that have been used in Juarez for years, designed to send a message that protests will not proceed, under the threat of violence.</p>
<p>Regardless, in their first meeting after they were released from prison, the Indignadxs de Juarez decided that they will demonstrate again on November 26th, crosses and wheat paste in hand. I asked Julian Contreras, a community activist, what it is like to organize in this kind of atmosphere.</p>
<p>“According to their logic, given the scale of the repression happening in this city, we should already be hiding under our beds trembling with fear, but that’s not what happens,” said Contreras.</p>
<p>“We’ve arrived to such a high level of violence, where people are cut into pieces and their bodies spread around the city, and we know that this is a state strategy: they can kill your family, your siblings, your in-laws, your friends, they can disappear you,” he said. “And you still go into the streets because you know there is no other option, because what is under threat isn’t you but the entire community.”</p>
<p>The fact that conditions are so difficult in Juarez has led to more unity among groups and movements, says Contreras, who points out that Zapatistas, anarchists, socialists, Stalinists, Trots, social democrats, NGOs, Human Rights organizations, and Christians have come together to protest. “That, on a national level, is inconceivable,” he said.</p>
<p>Regardless of this unity, Fong classifies the movement in Juarez as one of qualitative force rather than quantative force. “Numbers-wise, in our strongest moment we were 3,000 when we did a march because of a shooting of a student during a march for peace,” said Fong. “Our movement has since oscillated between 10 and 100 people, rising and falling, rising and falling.”</p>
<p>For Fong, Contreras, Flores, and others, there is no doubt that regardless of the fact that speaking out can be deadly, they will continue to stand up and resist militarization and the dominant economic paradigm.</p>
<p>“We haven’t managed to create a mass movement, but yes an important movement that denounces things that many people here are not ready to denounce because of fear,” said Fong.</p>
<p><em>*Indignadxs is a non-gendered way of referring to those participating in these movements. It was widely used to refer to those who participated in the protest encampments in Spain that preceded Occupy Wall Street.</em></p>
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		<title>Review: Bolivia&#8217;s Uncertain Revolution</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/11/08/review-bolivias-uncertain-revolution/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 08 Nov 2011 16:16:55 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[A review I did recently for Detroit-based magazine Against the Current. Los ritmos de Pachakuti: Levantamiento y movilización en Bolivia (2000-2005) Raquel Gutiérrez Aguilar Bajo Tierra Ediciones, D.F., México. 2009. Dispersing Power: Social Movements as Anti-State Forces Raul Zibechi. Translated by Ramor Ryan AK Press, Oakland, 2010, 163 pages, $15.95 paper. From Rebellion to Reform [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=449&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A review I did recently for Detroit-based magazine <em><a href="http://www.solidarity-us.org/node/3439">Against the Current</a></em>.</p>
<div>
<blockquote><p>Los ritmos de Pachakuti:<br />
Levantamiento y movilización en Bolivia (2000-2005)<br />
Raquel Gutiérrez Aguilar<br />
Bajo Tierra Ediciones, D.F., México. 2009.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>Dispersing Power:<br />
Social Movements as Anti-State Forces<br />
Raul Zibechi. Translated by Ramor Ryan<br />
AK Press, Oakland, 2010, 163 pages, $15.95 paper.</p></blockquote>
<blockquote><p>From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia:<br />
Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales<br />
Jeffery R. Webber<br />
Haymarket Books, Chicago, 2011, 236 pages + notes and index. $19 paper.</p></blockquote>
<p>BOLIVIA UNDER THE presidency of Evo Morales has become a favorite topic among progressives and social democrats, who have likened his ascendency to the nation’s highest post as nothing short of revolutionary. The buzz around Morales, a long time social movement figure and the first Indigenous president of the Andean nation has only lost a little luster since his election almost six years ago.</p>
<p>Many otherwise critical thinkers have chosen to ignore the complex realities on the ground, instead choosing to believe that indeed major societal gains and positive changes can come through taking state power.</p>
<p>A landlocked nation of just under 10 mil-lion people, Bolivia was barely on the radar for many North Americans before the now famous “Water War” rocked Cochabamba in 2000. In the years that have followed, Bolivia has gone through great waves of resistance, repression, rebellion, and reform.<span id="more-449"></span>In 2009, Mexican activist and writer Raquel Gutiérrez Aguilar’s book Los ritmos de Pachakuti: Levantamiento y movilización en Bolivia (2000-2005) was published, quickly becoming a seminal text on this period in Bolivia. Gutiérrez, who lived in Bolivia between 1984 and 2001 — including years spent in prison for her political activities — looks at the roots of resistance movements during the five years that led up to Morales’ election as President.</p>
<p>The author’s account relies on firsthand research and interviews and a plethora of texts from a variety of political currents, as well as gems not available elsewhere including her personal correspondence with Alvaro García Linera, who today is Vice President of Bolivia. Gutiérrez shares her meticulously constructed analysis of what gave rise to today&#8217;s resistance movements in Bolivia, and how historic, cultural, and social factors influence the structures and styles of organizing that emerged throughout this period.</p>
<p>“Beginning with hundreds of collective actions of deliberation and decision-making, of community organizing and the construction of reciprocal trust, of struggle and defense of the commons, a number of situations were created in which the ethnic and social antagonisms that penetrate and fragment Bolivian society were enlightened with the clarity lightning offers in those dark nights,” writes Gutiérrez in the introduction.</p>
<p>Gutiérrez doesn’t use a cookie-cutter ideological lens through which to understand events in Bolivia, but instead draws upon her previous work critiquing revolutionary strategies and the “struggle to take power” in Latin America in the 20th century.</p>
<p>“I did not try to develop a theory but rather to outline a theoretical strategy that would allow on one hand, to once again make intelligible the profound actions of insubordination which occurred in Bolivia between 2000 and 2005 and, on the other hand, to provide elements for a broader reflection on the multiple horizons of desire that are displayed from such collective actions of antagonism and insubordination and which, in a certain tradition, have been designated with the term social emancipation,” she writes.</p>
<p>She takes John Holloway’s idea of “changing the world without taking power” a step further, modifying his formulation thus: “Taking power is a condition neither necessary nor sufficient to change the world.”</p>
<h3>Class and Communal Struggles</h3>
<p>Los ritmos de Pachakuti penetrates processes and methods of organizing rarely visible to outsiders, examining the roots and growth of the organizations and spaces that brought about the successful “Water War” in Cochabamba in 2000, Aymara organizing in El Alto, the “Gas Wars” of 2003 and 2005, and coca growers struggles in the Chapare region.</p>
<p>Three main tendencies in Bolivian social movements from 2000-2005, as identified in Los Ritmos de Pachakuti, are rural and primarily urban struggles that operated autonomously and flexibly in fluid cooperation with each other; communal uprisings, especially among Aymara people, which created physical and symbolic limits to the representation of colonial and state power; and the social struggles of coca growers, which followed a trajectory of displacing traditional elites though electoral means.</p>
<p>“From this general characterization, we discovered a harsh and increasing systematic tension between a ‘communal-popular’ perspective and another, which is clinging to a ‘national-popular’ horizon,” notes Gutiérrez. She later clarifies that while this tension exists, it is also not possible to separate these two currents completely, thus problematizing any attempt to understand Bolivian movements through a lens that identifies with one or the other.</p>
<p>Gutiérrez is deeply intertwined with movements in Bolivia, and also an academic (the first version of the text was developed as part of her PhD thesis). Los ritmos de Pachakuti is heavily footnoted and detail oriented, which assures its worth for people studying Bolivia but renders the text rather dense for a more casual readers. At the moment Los ritmos de Pachakuti is available in Spanish through Bajo Tierra and Sísifo Editiones, but an English translation is forthcoming.</p>
<h3>Dynamics of Dispersing Power</h3>
<p>More recently, book length works by critical scholars and activists have begun to appear in English, challenging dominant narratives about 21st century Bolivia.</p>
<p>Last summer, AK Press published an English translation of Uruguayan writer Raul Zibechi’s Dispersing Power, which examines contemporary Aymara organizing in the city of El Alto. Zibechi notes that Morales’ inauguration “presented an unprecedented challenge to Bolivian social movements,” and is clear about his own views that “the state and capitalism are inseparable,” and thus “there is no point in blaming the government or issuing calls of ‘betrayal.’”</p>
<p>Zibechi spends the bulk of Dispersing Power examining how the Aymara movement in El Alto has organized over the past decades, and especially since the first major Aymara uprising against neoliberalism in 2000. He says the uprisings in Bolivia since 2000 represent the most important “revolution within a revolution” since the Zapatista uprising in Mexico began in 1994.</p>
<p>“The Aymara experience is not only linked with the continental struggles but it also adds something substantial — the construction of actual non-state powers,” writes Zibechi. The forms that autonomous Aymara organizing takes in El Alto include the provision and organization of municipal works; operation and maintenance of schools, parks, and radio stations; and conflict resolution and community justice systems.</p>
<p>These non-state powers are most often realized through general assemblies, neighborhood council meetings, barrio community groups, and a unique character defined by Aymara sociologist Félix Patzi as “authoritarianism based in consensus.”</p>
<p>Zibechi explains that during moments of insurrection or uprising, “confrontation, even armed, does not require a special body separated from the community.” Instead, the mandatory and continuous rotation of tasks that exists in Aymara culture, social movements and non-state structures of everyday life extend to armed insurrection when the circumstances require.</p>
<p>One of the prominent themes in Dispersing Power is the way the movement in El Alto functions to do just that. El Alto is divided up into 500 urbanizations of between 300 to 1000 residents, meaning that these neighborhood assemblies remain small enough to allow for the non-delegation of power to a smaller coordinating body within the assemblies.</p>
<p>Zibechi contrasts this with the recommendations of a US Agency for International Development report, which indicate that the agency would like to see the city divided up instead into neighborhoods of 3000 to 5000 people. USAID urges policy moves and incentives to centralize neighborhood organizations in El Alto, which Zibechi argues is because their dispersion “impedes the creation of an urban-political panoptic — political, but also social, cultural and organizational — that could encapsulate broad populations under the same umbrella of control.”</p>
<p>According to Zibechi, the dispersion of power has another important element: the avoidance of creating hierarchical leadership structures. This is done in part through the continuous rotation of tasks, and through a requirement of reaching consensus in assemblies.</p>
<p>“The institutionalization of social movements is one way of establishing state powers, in which the leaders — or the bodies of leaders — are separated from the movement as a whole,” writes Zibechi, indicating that a key success of the Aymara movement is the active avoidance of institutionalization and the separation of leadership from the movement.</p>
<p>Zibechi’s work is an important contribution to understanding struggle in Bolivia, and interesting because of his choice to concentrate on ongoing resistance movements instead of critiques of the Morales administration.</p>
<h3>From Rebellion to Morales</h3>
<p>Jeffery Webber’s From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia: Class Struggle, Indigenous Liberation, and the Politics of Evo Morales, can be read as an academic, carefully crafted complement to Zibechi and Gutiérrez’s work. “The aim is to offer an overall portrait of some of the key dynamics of the Bolivian process, something that has not yet been accomplished sufficiently in English,” writes Webber in the introduction.</p>
<p>From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia is an ambitious project: it advances 16 theses about the ongoing political process in Bolivia, moving from analysis of conflicts that became national flashpoints, like the 2006 miners’ strike in Huanuni, to the economic and intellectual currents underpinning the Morales administration.</p>
<p>The book’s focus is not so much the architecture of resistance and social movements, as on furnishing concrete examples of how the ruling Movement Towards Socialism (MAS) has had a hand in demobilizing social movements and, as the title suggests, channeling countrywide rebellions into a reformist project under the guise of what Webber calls “reconstituted neoliberalism.”</p>
<p>“At the same time Morales speaks about anticapitalist ecological politics to the international media, his domestic policies reinforce a complex and reconstituted neoliberalism, based on the export of primary raw materials, such as hydrocarbons and mining materials,” writes Webber.</p>
<p>Unlike Zibechi and Gutiérrez, whose work is primarily focused on autonomous, often Indigenous organizing outside of state structures, Webber believes that taking state power still constitutes part of a revolutionary project in Latin America: “Developing the widespread combative impulse and anti-neoliberal and anti-imperialist sentiments into a continent wide socialist consciousness with organizational capacities to contest the ruling classes of each country leaps out as the immense outstanding challenge.”</p>
<p>Whether or not one agrees with Webber’s assessment of struggle, From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia offers well documented critiques of how the Morales administration is failing to live up to the expectations of those who expected radical change to come though a state that has been reclaimed, at least in part, by individuals who come through social movements.</p>
<p>Webber argues that from 2000-2005, Indigenous liberation and socialist revolution were “organically linked,” and says the two have since been “artificially separated” from each other by the ruling MAS. “The undoing is lost on many sympathetic analysts on the left,” he writes.</p>
<p>Departing from Zibechi, however, one gets the distinct sensation that Webber feels that the government has betrayed revolutionary movements in Bolivia. “The MAS bears considerable responsibility for allowing the autonomist right to partially reconsolidate itself over this period,” he writes, referring to the separatist threat posed by landowning elites especially in Santa Cruz province.</p>
<p>Webber argues that the ascendancy of the MAS could facilitate the continuation of neoliberalism in Bolivia and the reconsolidation of racist elite power. He notes that according to some analysts, “…the smooth reproduction of the capitalist system in the Bolivian context was more probable under the MAS than [the neoliberal coalition] PODEMOS.”</p>
<p>At times, however, Webber’s orientation prevents the complexity on the ground in Bolivia from emerging, particularly with regards to the cultural, social and historical factors connected to the fact that the country has an Indigenous majority. Writing that the period between 2000-2005 represents “the most important surge in left-indigenous  popular mobilization on the continent,” and referring to the “domestic balance of racialized class forces,” he makes an uneasy pairing of “Indigenous” with the western concept of “left.” Introducing  a majority Indigenous society as “racialized” gives the impression that  skin color can somehow be separated from colonization and resistance.</p>
<p>Further, in his discussion of Bolivia’s social formation, Webber begins by describing the state in the late 19th century, neglecting to describe the thousands of years of Indigenous occupation, governance and economies that existed prior to nation-state formation post conquest.</p>
<p>Webber’s writing style is academic, and doesn’t draw nearly as much from interviews and first-hand experience as Gutiérrez, instead relying primarily on previously published academic and journalistic work, as well as a good deal of economic data. That said, in many ways From Rebellion to Reform in Bolivia is more accessible to non-specialists or people who are not familiar with the region.</p>
<p>Taken together, these three works offer a comprehensive analysis of Bolivia in the 21st century.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Café sin Carbono?</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/10/22/cafe-sin-carbono/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 22 Oct 2011 17:30:39 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a piece I did for the September/October edition of Watershed Sentinel. It took lots of work, I find writing about the carbon market extremely challenging.  The afternoon scene at the Jaime Sabinas sports complex in Jaltenango, a town in southern Mexico, is about the farthest thing imaginable from a bustling Seattle coffee shop. I&#8217;ve [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=437&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Here&#8217;s a piece I did for the September/October edition of </em><a href="http://www.watershedsentinel.ca/content/starbucks-carbon-neutral-coffee">Watershed Sentinel</a><em>. It took lots of work, I find writing about the carbon market extremely challenging. <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/dsc05712.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-444" title="view from outside the jaime sabinas sports complex, photo by dawn" src="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/dsc05712.jpg?w=300&#038;h=225" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></a></em></p>
<p>The afternoon scene at the Jaime Sabinas sports complex in Jaltenango, a town in southern Mexico, is about the farthest thing imaginable from a bustling Seattle coffee shop. I&#8217;ve come to this mountainous region, hours by gravel road off the tourist track, to get a first hand look at what life is like for the people who grow the coffee we&#8217;re told is fair trade. After a drive through Jaltenango, a medium-sized, coffee growing town with prominent coffee warehouses decorated with Starbucks logos, I arrived at the stadium to meet a group of people displaced from their homes and plantations in September.</p>
<p>Over 100 people have been living in these close, cramped quarters since December. Most of the community left their lands after heavy rains caused mudslides in September, and now they sleep side by side on mats on the floor in a concrete auditorium. They&#8217;ve lived through an epidemic of lice, an outbreak of skin disease, and a series of respiratory infections.</p>
<p>The parking lot is the makeshift central park in this temporary village, which resembles a refugee camp. White, plastic roofed tents with blankets for walls serve as school and the kitchen. &#8220;It&#8217;s a disaster,&#8221; said one woman, one of the few who agreed to talk on the condition of anonymity. &#8220;In that damn stadium we have to sleep all squished together.&#8221;</p>
<p>The people living in the sports stadium seemed afraid of speaking to foreign journalists, as if the entire future of this community, known as Nuevo Colombia, depended on the kindness of the state government. They were promised permanent houses in a model village style housing block known as the Sustainable Rural City of Jaltenango. This new village, one of five of its kind in Chiapas, was supposed to be ready in February, but by July, not a single house had been constructed.</p>
<p>Most mornings, the men return to their small plots of land to care for their coffee plants. They sell their beans to a variety of organizations, including Mexico&#8217;s largest coffee buyer and exporter, United Agroindustrialists of Mexico (AMSA). Day to day life is precarious. Before long, I was escorted off the gated premises of the sports complex by police and private security. My first taste of what life is like for coffee growers displaced by an extreme climate event was about as pleasant as a day old cuppa joe. And it was just the beginning.<span id="more-437"></span> Green Monopolists: Starbucks and Conservation International</p>
<p>Over the past 20 years, Starbucks Coffee has come to shape the way people around the world drink their coffee: tall or venti, extra hot or frappuchinoed, and most importantly, no-whip, which is to say, without guilt. Beyond the coffee, recyclable cups and  fair trade beans connect the Starbucks brand to a feel-good experience for consumers.</p>
<p>But far away from the familiar buzz of the grinder and the staccato of a barista cleaning the espresso machine, there&#8217;s growing concern about the goals of the world&#8217;s largest gourmet coffee company. Not only is Starbucks failing to live up to its current rhetoric, say other local growers and fair trade proponents, but the company&#8217;s plans for the future are cause for concern.</p>
<p>Dressed in a collared shirt, posed on a rock beside a stream that cuts through his family&#8217;s coffee farm, Efraín Orantes Abadía talks to a filmmaker working for Starbucks and Conservation International. He describes the measures his family takes to ensure that their coffee is grown in an ecological way, and in the final cut, gentle piano music plays in the background.</p>
<p>The next scene in the video, a promotional tool for Starbucks&#8217;s Shared Planet brand, is inside a Starbucks coffee shop. A barista is offering up organic, shade grown Mexican coffee, and as the camera pans along a bag of beans from Chiapas, a customer expresses their taste for coffee that protects birds. The video then takes viewers back to the Orantes&#8217; harmonious plantation, which is known as Finca Arroyo Negro.</p>
<p>The reality on the ground is a little different. Small scale coffee growers are among the most precarious labourers in the region, as I&#8217;d already seen in Jaltenango. By the time I met Orantes two years after the promotional video was shot, the story shifted even more.</p>
<p>&#8220;Shared Planet, the program of CAFE Practices, after we worked on their documentary they promised lots of things to support us in our efforts to look after Triunfo [biosphere reserve], they promised us equipment and assistance, and we haven&#8217;t received anything,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>Finca Arroyo Negro has since stopped selling their coffee to Starbucks, having realized there&#8217;s better money elsewhere. They&#8217;re not the only ones. At least four well established growers&#8217; cooperatives in Mexico broke ranks with Starbucks and Conservation International  after the introduction of CAFE Practices in 2004. Many of these growers sought out smaller buyers with a strong commitment to the principles of fair trade.</p>
<p>CAFE Practices is a self-regulated &#8220;farmer equity&#8221; certification program designed by Starbucks and Conservation International. &#8220;Unlike Fair Trade, their standards do not include a guaranteed minimum price to the producer,&#8221; according to Marie-Christine Renard, a sociologist from the University of Chapingo in Mexico State.</p>
<p>Together with Conservation International, Starbucks has undermined the strength of smaller coffee cooperatives, writes Renard, who points out that AMSA plays an intermediary role in the CAFE Practices program.</p>
<p>&#8220;They want to monopolize the production and cultivation of coffee,&#8221; said Jordan Orantes Balbuena, Efraín&#8217;s father and the owner of Finca Arroyo Negro, referring to AMSA. &#8220;They monopolize production, and they pay producers the price they want.&#8221;</p>
<p>From &#8220;Farmer Equity&#8221; to Carbon Neutrality?</p>
<p>Conservation International is certainly no stranger to controversy. With annual revenues upwards of $77 million last year, you could say that CI is to environmentalism as Starbucks is to coffee: a green machine.</p>
<p>In their  2010 annual report, Conservation International calls the results of their partnership with Starbucks in Chiapas &#8220;one of the first and most notable corporate engagements to address climate change.&#8221;  But outside the feel good gloss of annual reports and promotional videos, the relationship between CI and Starbucks isn&#8217;t quite so transparent.</p>
<p>The air conditioning blasted cool relief as I stepped through the front entrance of the sprawling Camino Real hotel in Tuxtla Gutierrez, the capital of Chiapas. The occasion was the presentation of the coffee growing sector&#8217;s strategy with regards to climate change in Chiapas, an event hosted by the Government of Chiapas and Conservation International .</p>
<p>Under the bright lights of the chandeliers in the hotel ballroom, over 100 coffee farmers were broken into four groups, each sitting around a facilitator with a flipchart. I joined in the back of one of the groups, our facilitator was a representative from the UN. He was coaxing the men to participate, asking them to give some feedback; when that failed he tossed around a plastic ball, and whoever got stuck with it when he called out &#8220;time up&#8221; would be required to read from an 87 page document prepared before the meeting started.</p>
<p>This, I realized, was part of what Conservation International and the government of Chiapas would later call a consultation process with peasant farmers. Risk management, related to erosion and extreme weather events was the top priority for these coffee farmers, who tend to between 0.5 and three hectares of shade grown coffee plantations. Many of these events are connected to climate change, though CI presented climate change as an altogether separate phenomenon, for which it proposed a novel solution: a new climate law, and the invisible hand of the carbon market.</p>
<p>&#8220;The project on actions to mitigate climate change, which is forest carbon capture in coffee growing communities in the Sierra Madre, started three years ago, in 2008,&#8221; said Monica Morales, the technical coordinator of Conservation International. Morales and I spoke after the session had wrapped up for the day.</p>
<p>Although their logo didn&#8217;t appear on event materials, Morales told me Starbucks was the main financier of the meeting.</p>
<p>The final document from the meetings in Tuxtla recommended that Chiapas implement the Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Law, which was passed by the state congress in December 2010.</p>
<p>One of specific outcomes of the new law is to encourage the adoption of the State of Chiapas Climate Change Action Plan (PACCCH), which Conservation International had a hand in developing. The PACCCH calls for baseline studies towards the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, (REDD), the United Nations&#8217; plan to integrate forests into the carbon market.</p>
<p>Carbon trading schemes have invited intense criticism over the past years. In the case of small coffee farmers in Chiapas, entering the carbon market will involve selling carbon credits from trees on their shade grown plantations, as well as planting new trees. The buyers of carbon credits, be they  corporations or  governments, would thus offset their emissions. Groups like Conservation International will act as intermediaries between transnational corporations and the people selling the carbon credits. According to the emerging logic of the carbon market, this would neutralize the carbon output of those who buy the credits.</p>
<p>On the surface, it appears that everybody wins. Farmers will receive small annual payments for the trees that are already on their land, or new trees they&#8217;ve planted. The governments of Mexico and Chiapas will green their image, Conservation International will create a new revenue stream managing their credits, and Starbucks&#8217;  growers will  receive subsidies through third parties. The whole exercise will be branded as a response to climate change .</p>
<p>The reality may well prove to be otherwise. A pilot project for carbon neutral coffee carried out in 2008 failed to deliver on its stated goals when small scale coffee farmers didn&#8217;t show interest in planting trees on their properties. One of the key reasons farmers didn&#8217;t participate was because they received less than $10 a month in the first year for planting new trees.  But more importantly, the trees that provide shade on small plantations in Chiapas already absorb carbon. Integrating them into the carbon market changes little in terms of actually counteracting climate change. Instead, it creates a new market around them, and further obscures and complicates what real action against climate change requires.</p>
<p>The science of climate change and the impacts it causes is something that organizers and activists in Chiapas are just starting to understand, says Gustavo Castro Soto, an organizer with Otros Mundos in San Cristobal de las Casas. &#8220;When it comes to the market mechanisms, which are complicated&#8230; Those are left to specialists and environmentalists, even though we should all understand them,&#8221; he said. &#8220;And if you criticize them, [organizations like Conservation International] come after you saying you&#8217;re against development, that you&#8217;re against fighting climate change,&#8221; said Castro.</p>
<p>Carbon Laboratory</p>
<p>For the world&#8217;s largest coffee company, Chiapas, Mexico is a key laboratory to test the possibilities of hooking the farmers at the base of their supply chain into the carbon market.</p>
<p>Why would Starbucks want to promote a law specifically dealing with climate change, when there&#8217;s already other environmental laws? That&#8217;s precisely the question Efrain Orantes has been asking himself.</p>
<p>&#8220;I think that together, Starbucks, AMSA and CI are creating&#8230; a new standard, to say that it is carbon neutral coffee,&#8221; he said. Conservation International has already run one project in Chiapas modeling the possibility of café sin carbono, or coffee without carbon.  Starbucks refused to answer questions about this issue before this story went to press.</p>
<p>While executives in Seattle and Washington draw up plans to take advantage of the carbon market, it is small farmers in Chiapas who continue to bear the direct burden of climate change. &#8220;I don&#8217;t  think anyone is denying the climate crisis and climate change,&#8221; said Castro. &#8220;But [business, industry and large NGOs] are proposing solutions that won&#8217;t work, false solutions to climate change, and they&#8217;re making money off of  this crisis,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>Erratic rains and unexpected droughts are just part of how the climate is changing. The strongest impacts are without a doubt the weather events that lead to disasters like the mudslides that displaced the community of Nuevo Colombia last year. The complicated logic of the carbon market might give pause to conscientious North Americans with the means to sip coffee at Starbucks. But it does little to decrease the vulnerability of farming families in Chiapas, who will continue to suffer the most dramatic consequences of the climate crisis.</p>
<p>***</p>
<p><em>Dawn Paley is a freelance journalist in Vancouver.</em></p>
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		<title>A Canadian mining company prepares to dig up Mexico’s Eden</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/09/17/a-canadian-mining-company-prepares-to-dig-up-mexico%e2%80%99s-eden/</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 17 Sep 2011 23:59:57 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a piece that I wrote in the spring, which was published a few days ago by the excellent This Magazine. Under a heavy afternoon sun, the desert landscape in central Mexico lays long into the horizon, interrupted only by railroad tracks, roadrunners racing beside cars, and every once in a while, a cluster of houses [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=433&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Here&#8217;s a piece that I wrote in the spring, which was published a few days ago by the excellent <a href="http://this.org/magazine/2011/09/15/first-majestic-silver-wirikuta/">This Magazine.</a><a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/11ja-wirikuta-600x399.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-434" title="The Wirikuta mountain range in the Chihuahua desert in central Mexico. Photo by José Luis Aranda." src="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/11ja-wirikuta-600x399.jpg?w=300&#038;h=199" alt="" width="300" height="199" /></a></em></p>
<p><strong>Under a heavy afternoon sun,</strong> the desert landscape in central Mexico lays long into the horizon, interrupted only by railroad tracks, roadrunners racing beside cars, and every once in a while, a cluster of houses and shops. But towards what some consider the sacred heart of the desert, new features begin to emerge: new age hippies and fellow travellers compete for rides on the side of the road, and in the distance, a dramatic mountain range rises from the plane.</p>
<div>
<p>Stretching from Arizona to San Luis Potosí, the Chihuahuan desert wraps around two of Mexico’s largest mountain ranges, laying claim to over 450,000 square kilometers of territory. While at first glance the topography might appear dry and barren, it is in fact home to a fifth of the world’s species of cacti, as well as a host of birds and other creatures.</p>
<p>But there’s one plant in particular that’s an essential part of the region’s draw: peyote. A small, circular cactus, divided into sections that look like a light green cross section of a mandarin orange, it pushes its way out from under the hard dry earth, sometimes into the direct sun, other times under the sparing shade of gobernadora plants.</p>
<p>In the southern reaches of the Chihuahuan desert is an area known as Wirikuta, a sacred site for the Huichol people. Every year, hundreds of Huichol people, whose name for themselves in their own language is Wixáritari, leave their communities in Jalisco, Nayarit and other parts of Mexico and begin a pilgrimage to Wirikuta.</p>
<p>“For us it’s like a temple,” says Marciano de la Cruz Lopez of Wirikuta. He’s one of the few Huichols making a home in the small, mining-cum-tourist town of Real de Catorce.<span id="more-433"></span>Wirikuta’s 140,000 hectare site was recognized by the state government as a Natural Protected Area and Sacred Site in 2000. It also includes a 146-kilometre path through the landscape named the Historic Route of the Wixárika People. In 1998, UNESCO declared Wirikuta as one of the world’s 14 natural sacred sites in need of protection.</p>
<p>“It’s a sacred site where we can leave our offerings when we do ceremonies there in the mountains, or when the pilgrims come,” says de la Cruz. “It means everything to us, as Huichol people.”</p>
<p>The Huichols are among the few indigenous groups in Mexico who were never successfully converted to Catholicism by Spanish colonizers, and their fidelity to their traditions is celebrated throughout the country. “I congratulate all of you, the traditional governors, the Wixárica union from the ceremonial centres of Jalisco, Durango and Nayarit, to all of you, for defending these holy places, these marvellous places,” President Felipe Calderón said in a 2008 speech, while dressed in a traditional Huichol pullover and feathered hat.</p>
<p>Huichols believe that Cerro del Quemado, the stunning mountain range that rises from Wirikuta, is the birthplace of the sun and of all life. At the mountain’s summit is a structure where the Huichols leave offerings of thanks as part of their ceremonies: feathers, arrows, water from sacred springs, and other precious objects.</p>
<p>But this historic spiritual site is now at risk, its ancient landscape threatened by modern industry. And for the Huichol people, the stakes couldn’t be higher: the prospect of mining for silver under their holy mountain not only endangers the safety of their water supply; it represents a spiritual affront. Imagine drilling for oil under the Vatican, or bulldozing Eden to make room for a golf course.</p>
<p><strong>First Majestic Silver,</strong> a Vancouver-based mining company, holds a series of concessions that overlap with Wirikuta, and the company’s plans to develop the mine have already been controversial locally and around the world.</p>
<p>First Majestic already owns three producing silver mines, in Durango, Coahuila, and Jalisco, and is preparing to bring a fourth mine online. The project at Real de Catorce is the earliest-stage project the company owns, and they have yet to begin the permit process. If First Majestic receives all the permits needed—which have not yet been acquired—they expect to start producing silver at the property in 2014. Technical studies carried out by the previous owners of the concessions at Real de Catorce indicate that mining the silver laden tailings left over from historic mines combined with opening up new mine shafts in Real de Catorce could net 33 million ounces of silver, as well as substantial quantities of lead and zinc. The company says they’ll employ at least 600 locals by the time production begins, and the mine could operate for as many as 15 years.</p>
<p>The common thread that unites the company and many of those opposed to the project is something that’s sorely lacking in the region: water.</p>
<p>“There’s a limited amount of water here,” says Humberto Fernandez, owner of the Hotel Real, perhaps the most prestigious accommodation in Real de Catorce. “The aquifer here is disappearing,” he says. We met Fernandez and his wife Cornelia over lunch in the restaurant of the hotel that he’s owned and operated for almost 35 years. From the right angle, with his grey hair pulled back in a ponytail, wearing a green corduroy shirt and a peyote charm on his necklace, Fernandez bears a slight resemblance to Fidel Castro, and he talks a mean streak, too.</p>
<p>“Water is the main cause for concern that we’ve noticed among the local population,” he says, sitting straight up in his chair and talking over a steaming plate of pasta. “There’s been weeks without any water in the village.”</p>
<p>The local aquifer providing what scarce water there is in the region, is classified as “over-exploited” by the National Water Commission. The water problem isn’t new: when the local mines were operating at full tilt in the 19th century, there wasn’t enough water to run a mill in Real de Catorce.</p>
<p>“The water supply is still in the planning phase,” says Todd Anthony, head of First Majestic’s investor relations department, from his office in Vancouver. “but its not going to disrupt any supply to the local community there. We’ve got other plans in mind,” he says. He refused to elaborate on what those possible alternatives might be, however.</p>
<p>The anti-mining fight in Wirikuta and Real de Catorce is far from the first flashpoint of resistance against Canadian mining companies in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. In fact, it is in many ways mirrors a struggle that has been going on in the equally picturesque village of San Pedro. Also a colonial mining town, the Cerro de San Pedro was of such importance in the region that it is featured to this day in the centre of the state’s official emblem.</p>
<p>Except the Cerro de San Pedro hardly exists anymore. Over the past four years, the hill has been blown to pieces and trucked to a cyanide treatment plant. Instead of rising like a tiny, stand alone colonial mecca half an hour by car from the city of San Luis Potosí, San Pedro today is surrounded by growling dump trucks and mountains of cyanide treated waste rock, by-products of a large scale, open pit silver and gold mine operated by Vancouver-based New Gold.</p>
<p>The abundance of new mining projects popping up across Mexico have generated enough problems throughout the country to prompt the creation of a Special Commission for Mining Conflicts in the national congress. Anti-mining activists and industry groups alike trace surge in investment in the mining sector back to the North America Free Trade Agreement.</p>
<p>“To facilitate what’s happening now, the pillaging of our country and the arrival to our country of a large quantity of companies— especially mining companies—it was necessary to have a working free trade agreement,” says Mario Martínez, a spry septuagenarian anti-mining activist from San Luis Potosí. Among the key changes in legislation NAFTA wrought were adjustments to Article 27 of Mexico’s constitution, which defines the legal framework for the ownership of land and the use of natural resources.</p>
<p>But Enrique Flores, an engineer working with First Majestic Silver, says things have changed for the better in the world of mining. I caught up with him on the company-owned hacienda in the village of La Luz, which lies just a few kilometres outside of Real de Catorce. He was animated and talkative, having just returned from a workshop at the Canadian Embassy in Mexico City on Corporate Social Responsibility.</p>
<p>“Mining investment is made for profit, but at the same time it provides work for people, and raises the standard of living here,” says Flores, who took the time to show me images of the proposed mining project, pointing out on a map where the company is going to work, and how. “For example, in the case of Canadian mining companies, the government of Canada follows very closely what their companies are doing in other countries,” he says.</p>
<p>But though corporate social responsibility and Canadian government oversight might sound like progress, there are no binding international standards through which Canadian mining companies can be held accountable for their actions around the world, says Jennifer Moore from Canadian mining watchdog group MiningWatch Canada.</p>
<p>This fact didn’t seem to ruffle Flores, who took me on a tour through the historic Santa Ana mine. A few dozen locals are already working for First Majestic to transform the abandoned mine into a museum—part of the company’s promise of long-term jobs to the community. Deep inside the hills, the cool, dark mineshaft widened in places and exposed large galleries that once featured the most upto-date technology in the country. In other places, traces of more primitive mining were visible, sometimes overlaid with red spray paint indicating that there’s still silver in the walls after all these years.</p>
<p><strong>Just how sacred is Wirikuta?</strong> “Wixárika culture is about living for ceremony, because that is the form of life, there is no other form of living,” says Javier Ignacio Martínez Sánchez, an anthropologist originally from Chiapas who has lived in the heart of Wirikuta, for more than a decade. “It breaks your heart to see how they dance, to see the corn that they come and leave here, or the blood of the deer, how much it took to go hunt it, how much it all takes,” he says.</p>
<p>Martínez cuts an eccentric figure: he pays the rent on the tiny adobe igloo in which he lives by giving massages, and his only possessions are a bed surrounded by musical instruments, a few neat stacks of books, an empty plastic cooler, and a smattering of feathers and other ceremonial items.</p>
<p>With a masters’ thesis on the use of peyote under his belt, Martínez has worked hard to integrate himself into desert society, and to help build links between the Huichol pilgrims and the communal owners of the land they must travel. He’s the first to point out that Huichols’ annual trek through the desert also carries great significance for others living in the area.“The [landowners] here already made the link between the presence of the Huichols and the arrival of the rains,” says Martínez from his perch on the edge of his bed. “They say that when the pilgrims arrive on foot, it meant that there would be a good harvest.”</p>
<p>The use of peyote at the end of the pilgrimage is of supreme importance to the Huichols, who are considered the guardians of the spiritual tradition of peyote use. Only after weeks of fasting and celibacy and a long walk through the desert armed with the blood of a freshly sacrificed deer, can the mythic cactus—more often referred to as “medicine,” or hikuri in the Wixárika language—be consumed.</p>
<p>The fact that there’s mineral wealth under such a special site didn’t come as a surprise to Marciano de la Cruz’s wife, Yolanda. “The shamans always said that where there are sacred things, there are mines,” she interjected, looking up for just a moment from the intricate combination of thread and beads between her fingers.</p>
<p>“Our medicine is like a teacher, because it teaches us many things,” says de la Cruz. While we talked, Yolanda continued with her beading, while his children shifted their attention between a plastic bowling set on the floor and a cartoon on the family’s small television set.</p>
<p>De la Cruz is also among those concerned about impacts on the water from the proposed mining operation, but for a more particular reason. “Here there’s not much water, they say it takes lots of water to wash the rocks in mining, for silver, after they do that the water can run underground and it can contaminate our medicine,” he says. “And then we’re going to eat the medicine, and it could affect us.”</p>
<p><strong>The Huichol people</strong> are, of course, not the only ones to take advantage of the powers of peyote. The cactus, which contains the psychedelic alkaloid mescaline, is used by Indigenous peoples throughout the northern part of the hemisphere. The Native American Church is a registered organization in the US whose members have the right to use and transport peyote.</p>
<p>But its use by non-Indigenous people throughout the 1960s and 70s might just be that which has brought the most attention to the sacred plant. Peyote was a cornerstone of the beat generation’s hallucinogenic trips, inspiring part of Allen Ginsberg’s epic Howl, and figuring into the writings of other such as William S. Burroughs and Ken Kesey. Rock stars got in on the game too: Jim Morrison, legendary front man for the popular American rock band The Doors, was known to experiment with peyote.</p>
<p>The cultural legacy of psychedelic art influenced by mescaline still resonates today. Tourists from around the world, inspired by the far-out message of the beat writers, flock to the desert, and to Wirikuta, to sample the effects of the button-like cactus on their own consciousness.</p>
<p>Sol Rak is one such visitor to the region, who has made the trek from his home in Chiapas more than 10 times in order to participate in ceremonies in the mountains that separate Real de Catorce from the desert below. “I love going to Quemado,” says Rak, who travels with fire sticks and a Temascal drum.</p>
<p>But mass cutting and overuse of peyote by outsiders has led to its near extinction in some regions, and it’s forced the Huichol people to set up a system to oversee who enters and leaves Wirikuta.</p>
<p>One of these Huichol look outs is a simple cement house on the edge of Las Margaritas, where Alberto Hernandez Gonzales lives with his wife and two teenage sons. “My job is to be here watching to make sure there is no pillaging [of peyote],” says Hernandez, whose Huichol name is Mukieri Kuayumania, which means “from the feather of an unknown bird.”</p>
<p>The first time we tried to meet with Hernandez he was dead tired, having done a 24 kilometer patrol of the area on foot. He was appointed to the post for a three-year term by a community assembly in his home village. And though he says he’s managed to stop some peyote thieves from entering Wirikuta, he quickly adds that he and guardians like him are severely lacking in resources. There’s only three of them working when there should be six, he says, and he doesn’t even have a mule upon whose back he could more easily safeguard the area.</p>
<p>Under a strong wind that moved through the plastic notches hanging from Hernandez’s traditional hat, he recounted the five points of the Huichol universe from a notebook containing carefully written notes.</p>
<p>“We really need to take care of these sites, they are the historical patrimony of our ancestors,” says Hernandez, referring to the threat posed by First Majestic Silver. “The Wixárika communities don’t want these places to be destroyed.”</p>
<p>Flores, speaking on behalf of the mining company, says First Majestic will do its best to leave the Huichol’s sacred sites alone. “The company is, what do you call it, promising to respect the ceremonial centres of the Huichols,” he says. “In fact in a meeting with the Huichol gentlemen we’re going to propose that they take over this part, and we won’t touch it,” says Flores, pointing his finger onto a section of the map that includes part of Wirikuta.</p>
<p>But company’s claims that they won’t touch Cerro Quemado and will work underground instead of open pit mining don’t comfort Hernandez, who likens Wirikuta to his own body.</p>
<p>“The mountain, in any case, is ourselves,” he says. “Right now we’re alive because we are complete. If someone comes along and splits my stomach open and rips out my insides, I’m no longer alive.”</p>
</div>
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			<media:title type="html">The Wirikuta mountain range in the Chihuahua desert in central Mexico. Photo by José Luis Aranda.</media:title>
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		<title>Aboriginal groups in Canada challenge tar sands projects</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/09/08/aboriginal-groups-in-canada-challenge-tar-sands-projects/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/09/08/aboriginal-groups-in-canada-challenge-tar-sands-projects/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 08 Sep 2011 05:27:07 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://dawnpaley.ca/?p=430</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Hey folks,  It&#8217;s been a while since I&#8217;ve done any radio, so it was a challenge and a pleasure to produce this four minute feature for Free Speech Radio News about resistance to pipelines in Central BC. Click here to listen to the piece. More anon, dawn<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=430&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey folks, <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/dsc06204.jpg"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-431" title="View of the cabin built in the right of way of the Enbridge pipelines" src="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/dsc06204.jpg?w=300&#038;h=225" alt="" width="300" height="225" /></a></p>
<p>It&#8217;s been a while since I&#8217;ve done any radio, so it was a challenge and a pleasure to produce this four minute feature for Free Speech Radio News about resistance to pipelines in Central BC.</p>
<p><a href="http://fsrn.org/audio/aboriginal-groups-canada-challenge-tar-sands-projects/9077">Click here </a>to listen to the piece.</p>
<p>More anon,</p>
<p>dawn</p>
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			<media:title type="html">View of the cabin built in the right of way of the Enbridge pipelines</media:title>
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		<title>Book Review &#8211; To Die in Mexico: Dispatches from Inside the Drug War</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/07/31/book-review-to-die-in-mexico-dispatches-from-inside-the-drug-war/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/07/31/book-review-to-die-in-mexico-dispatches-from-inside-the-drug-war/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 31 Jul 2011 00:07:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Here&#8217;s a review I wrote recently for Upside Down World. To Die in Mexico: Dispatches from Inside the Drug War, John Gibler, City Lights Books, 2011. 218 pages. John Gibler’s new book To Die in Mexico opens with a warning: &#8220;You may want to look away.&#8221; It is true that the contents are not exactly [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=407&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>Here&#8217;s a review I wrote recently for <a href="http://upsidedownworld.org/main/mexico-archives-79/3136-book-review-to-die-in-mexico-dispatches-from-inside-the-drug-war">Upside Down World.</a></em></p>
<p><strong>To Die in Mexico: Dispatches from Inside the Drug War, John Gibler, <a href="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/to-die-in-mexico.gif"><img class="alignright size-medium wp-image-408" title="to die in mexico" src="http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/to-die-in-mexico.gif?w=214&#038;h=300" alt="" width="214" height="300" /></a>City Lights Books, 2011. 218 pages</strong>.</p>
<p>John Gibler’s new book <em>To Die in Mexico</em> opens with a warning: &#8220;You may want to look away.&#8221; It is true that the contents are not exactly pleasant, in fact, Gibler’s tales from Mexico will horrify, over and over again.</p>
<p>But <em>To Die in Mexico</em> brings to the table more than just <em>nota roja</em>, a term used to describe sensationalist coverage of violence that dominates Mexico’s newsstands.</p>
<div>
<p>Gibler avoids the standard fare and serves up an accessible, multi-faceted analysis of the drug war, complemented by compelling dispatches from journalists and activists based in places like Culiacán, the capital of Sinaloa state and home of Mexico’s most powerful cartel; Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua state’s most notorious city; and Reynosa, the biggest border city in Tamaulipas state, where journalism was declared “dead” last year.</p>
<div>Regardless of how closely readers are following what’s going on south of the US border, this book is a worthwhile introduction. It shatters the silence that has become an essential part of the escalating drug war.<span id="more-407"></span></div>
<div>“This is what you cannot say: death is a part of the overhead, a business expense in the multibillion-dollar transnational illegal industry; the Mexican army and federal police are on the take, waging a war of extermination against suspected drug dealers and traffickers aligned with organizations that the federal government considers unruly or threatening, principally the Beltrán-Leyva gang and the Zetas,” writes Gibler in the introduction.</div>
<div>
<p>Written in a casual, flowing style, <em>To Die in Mexico</em> opens with unconventional exploration of prohibition, the drug trade and the drug war. Leaning on the excellent work of innovative thinkers like Howard Campbell, author of <em>Drug War Zone: Frontline Dispatches from the Streets of El Paso and Juárez</em>, and cocaine historian Paul Gootenburg, Gibler weaves a fluid understanding of the complex flows connecting illicit commodities, borders, the US prison system, the Mexican army, politicians on both sides of the border, militarization, and repression.</p>
<div>
<p>And then, the real storytelling begins. In a newsroom nicknamed “the bunker,” we meet the team behind Culiacán’s<em> Primera Hora</em>, where journalists open up about the limits on what they can write, and we are taken along with the <em>nota roja</em> photographer for a behind the scenes look at shooting bloody murder scenes. From the desk of <em>Riodoce</em>, an investigative Sinaloa weekly, we’re told that “the narcos control the newsroom,” and exposed to the ins and outs of how fear and terror intermingle with self-censorship and journalism.</p>
<div>
<p>Later, Gibler narrates the dramatic story of a journalist named Rafael, who was working in Reynosa when he was kidnapped, beaten, and had his head covered in a hood before being miraculously released. Rafael was one of the lucky ones. Sixty-eight journalists have been killed in Mexico since 2000, and fifteen more have been disappeared since 2006. His extraordinary tale of survival reveals much about the climate of fear that permeates one of Mexico’s least understood regions.</p>
<div>
<p>Off the news beat, we’re invited to enter the homes of activists, into a jail, to workplaces, bars and marches to meet survivors as well as friends and families of the victims of violence. Naming the dead is a key theme in <em>To Die in Mexico</em>.</p>
<div>
<p>“Anonymous death needs silence. Names are thus dissolved. Facts vanquished. Times and locations obscured. Who was she? No one says a thing. Why did they kill him? Not a word,” writes Gibler, whose prose shifts easily between hard edged journalism, self conscious note-taking and something closer to poetry.</p>
<div>
<p>“The stories and the voices of those who rebel against silence and anonymous death are at the heart of this book,” writes Gibler. Sometimes those voices reflect utter hopelessness, other times despair, yet others struggle in the face of war.</p>
<div>Drawing upon interviews from various parts of Mexico, an eclectic reading list, and an array of YouTube videos, <em>To Die in Mexico</em> is a must read for anyone looking for a clear headed overview of Mexico today. No matter how gruesome it may appear, let it be clear: looking away is not an option.</div>
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		<title>Online Journalism Course</title>
		<link>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/07/21/online-journalism-course/</link>
		<comments>http://dawnpaley.ca/2011/07/21/online-journalism-course/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 21 Jul 2011 01:08:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>dawn</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://dawnpaley.ca/?p=402</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Hey folks I&#8217;m teaching an online journalism course this fall. Will be a good opportunity for learning the basics of journalism and online publishing. More info after the jump! The Alliance for Global Justice is pleased to announce that Dawn Paley will be teaching a course, “Journalism from the Grassroots”, in the first session of [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=dawnpaley.ca&amp;blog=5052861&amp;post=402&amp;subd=dawnpaley&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hey folks I&#8217;m teaching an online journalism course this fall. Will be a good opportunity for learning the basics of journalism and online publishing. More info after the jump!</p>
<p><span id="more-402"></span>The Alliance for Global Justice is pleased to announce that Dawn Paley will be teaching a course, “Journalism from the Grassroots”, in the first session of our new online activist school.</p>
<p>The course will run five weeks from Sept. 22-Oct. 8, 2011. The deadline for registration is Sept. 16, 2011. The cost of the course is $250. If you need fundraising tips to raise the tuition, send an email to Jamie Way at info@AFGJ.org.</p>
<p>Check out the other great courses at http://AFGJ.org.</p>
<p><strong>Course: Journalism from the Grassroots</strong><br />
Instructor: Dawn Paley<br />
Duration: 5 weeks, online<br />
Click here to register now!</p>
<p>Description:<br />
Journalism has changed radically over the past decade, but it’s still worth learning the basics behind the craft. Today many more people are able to communicate online, but an abundance of information and questions about the quality of information continue to obscure important stories from getting the attention they deserve. In this course, activists will be taught the key precepts of journalism, specifically writing for the web, developing sources, doing background research and how to have their work be read by a wider audience. Readings will include exemplary pieces of journalism on militarization and social movements in Latin America and the U.S., as well as journalism, research and publication tip sheets.</p>
<p>Skills/understanding that activists will have for organizing and opposing militarism after taking this course:</p>
<p>Research and writing skills<br />
Understanding of how to develop sources<br />
Knowledge of the various options that exist for publishing and self-publishing online<br />
About the Instructor: Meet Dawn Paley<br />
Dawn Paley has been working as a freelance journalist for the last eight years, six of which she has focused on Latin America. Her work has appeared in The Nation, Upside Down World,<br />
and NACLA report on the Americas. For the last 3 years she has worked with the Media Co-op, Canada’s most innovative grassroots news network, and helped found a local chapter of the Co-op in her home town of Vancouver, BC. She holds a Master’s in Journalism from the University of British Columbia and regularly give community journalism workshops for activists.</p>
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